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3.1.1. Files
3.1.1.1. General
A simple description of the UNIX system, also applicable to Linux, is this:
"On a UNIX system, everything is a file; if something is not a file, it is a process."
A Linux system, just like UNIX, makes no difference between a file and a directory, since a directory is just a file containing names of other files. Programs, services, texts, images, and so forth, are all files. Input and output devices, and generally all devices, are considered to be files, according to the system.
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a partition for user programs (/usr)
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a partition containing the users' personal data (/home)
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a partition to store temporary data like print- and mail-queues (/var)
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a partition for third party and extra software (/opt)
For convenience, the Linux file system is usually thought of in a tree structure.
igure 3-1. Linux file system layout
Table 3-2. Subdirectories of the root directory
| Directory | Content |
|---|---|
| /bin | Common programs, shared by the system, the system administrator and the users. |
| /boot | The startup files and the kernel, vmlinuz. In some recent distributions also grub data. Grub is the GRand Unified Boot loader and is an attempt to get rid of the many different boot-loaders we know today. |
| /dev | Contains references to all the CPU peripheral hardware, which are represented as files with special properties. |
| /etc | Most important system configuration files are in /etc, this directory contains data similar to those in the Control Panel in Windows |
| /home | Home directories of the common users. |
| /initrd | (on some distributions) Information for booting. Do not remove! |
| /lib | Library files, includes files for all kinds of programs needed by the system and the users. |
| /lost+found | Every partition has a lost+found in its upper directory. Files that were saved during failures are here. |
| /misc | For miscellaneous purposes. |
| /mnt | Standard mount point for external file systems, e.g. a CD-ROM or a digital camera. |
| /net | Standard mount point for entire remote file systems |
| /opt | Typically contains extra and third party software. |
| /proc | A virtual file system containing information about system resources. More information about the meaning of the files in proc is obtained by entering the command man proc in a terminal window. The file proc.txt discusses the virtual file system in detail. |
| /root | The administrative user's home directory. Mind the difference between /, the root directory and /root, the home directory of the root user. |
| /sbin | Programs for use by the system and the system administrator. |
| /tmp | Temporary space for use by the system, cleaned upon reboot, so don't use this for saving any work! |
| /usr | Programs, libraries, documentation etc. for all user-related programs. |
| /var | Storage for all variable files and temporary files created by users, such as log files, the mail queue, the print spooler area, space for temporary storage of files downloaded from the Internet, or to keep an image of a CD before burning it. |
How can you find out which partition a directory is on? Using the df command with a dot (.) as an option shows the partition the current directory belongs to, and informs about the amount of space used on this partition:
sandra:/lib> df -h .Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/hda7 980M 163M 767M 18% / |
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